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Carlson Concrete Instruments are elastic wire strain meters containing two coils of highly elastic steel wire, one of which increases in length and electrical resistance when a strain occurs, while the other decreases. The ratio of the two resistances is independent of temperature (except for thermal expansion) and therefore the change in resistance ratio is a measure of strain. The total resistance is independent of strain since one coil increases the same amount as the other decreases due to a change in length of the meter. Therefore, the total resistance is a measure of temperature.